An overall cellular network contains a number of different elements:
- base transceiver station (BTS) itself with its antenna back through
- a base station controller (BSC),
- a mobile switching centre (MSC) to the location registers (HLR and VLR)
- public switched telephone network (PSTN).
How its work:
- BTS provides the direct communication with the mobile phones.
- Small number of base stations then linked to a base station controller and acts as a small centre to route calls to the required base station, and it also makes some decisions about which of the base station is best suited to a particular call.
- Links between the BTS and the BSC may use either land lines of even microwave links.
- BSC interfaces linking with the mobile switching centre which can makes more widespread choices about the routing of calls and interfaces to the land line based PSTN as well as the HLR and VLR.
c) Evolution of wireless generation
1G
Data Bandwidth
of 1G
Analog telecommunication
Throughput /
Speed of 1G
Speed (data rates) –
2.4 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps
Technology of 1G
-
AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone System)
-
NMT
-
TACS
-
Analog
cellular
Features of 1G
- Poor
voice quality
-
Poor
battery life
-
Large
phone size
-
No
security
-
Limited
capacity
-
Poor
hand-off reliability
References
2G
Data Bandwidth of 2G
25 MHz
Throughput / Speed of 2G
Speed (data rates) –
14.4 Kbps
Technology of 2G
- IS-95
- GSM
- Digital cellular
Features of 2G
- Multiple users on single channel
- Enables services such as text message, picture message and MMS(multimedia message)
- Provides better quality and capacity
References
3G
Data Bandwidth of 3G
25 MHz
Throughput / Speed of 3G
Speed (data rates) – 3.1 Mbps
Technology of 3G
- IMT2000
- WCDMA
- CDMA
- UMTS
- EDGE
Features of 3G
- Multimedia features
- Video Call
- Providing faster communication
- Send/Receive large email messages
- High speed web/more security
- Large capacities and broadband capabilities
References
4G
Data Bandwidth of 4G
100 MHz
Throughput / Speed of 4G
Speed (data rates) – 100 Mbps
Technology of 4G
- LTE
- WiMAX
- WiFi
Features of 4G
- High Speed
- Real time (live)
- Streaming online
- Strong security
- High capacity
- Low cost per-bit
References
5G
Data Bandwidth of 5G
1000x Bandwidth per unit area
Throughput / Speed of 5G
Speed (data rates) – 1 GMbps
Technology of 5G
- 4G LTE-advanced
- HSPA+
- Wi-Fi
Features of 5G
- Redunced latency (stop delays)
- Lower battery comsumption
- Allow access to parallel multiple services
- Remote place access grant
- Great capacity (1000 times capacity of 4G)
- Provide high resolution and larger bandwidth
- Simultaneously connections can work together
References
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